In X#, errors in the program at run time are propagated through the program by using a mechanism called exceptions. Exceptions are thrown by code that encounters an error and caught by code that can correct the error. Exceptions can be thrown by the .NET Framework common language runtime (CLR) or by code in a program. Once an exception is thrown, it propagates up the call stack until a catch statement for the exception is found. Uncaught exceptions are handled by a generic exception handler provided by the system that displays a dialog box.
Exceptions are represented by classes derived from Exception. This class identifies the type of exception and contains properties that have details about the exception. Throwing an exception involves creating an instance of an exception-derived class, optionally configuring properties of the exception, and then throwing the object by using the throw keyword. For example:
CLASS CustomException INHERIT Exception
CONSTRUCTOR(message AS STRING)
SUPER(message)
END CLASS
FUNCTION TestThrow as VOID
LOCAL ex AS CustomException
ex := CustomException{"Custom exception in TestThrow()}
THROW ex
RETURN
After an exception is thrown, the runtime checks the current statement to see whether it is within a try block. If it is, any catch blocks associated with the try block are checked to see whether they can catch the exception. Catch blocks typically specify exception types; if the type of the catch block is the same type as the exception, or a base class of the exception, the catch block can handle the method. For example:
FUNCTION TestCatch as VOID
TRY
TestThrow()
CATCH ex AS CustomException
System.Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString())
END TRY
RETURN
If the statement that throws an exception is not within a try block or if the try block that encloses it has no matching catch block, the runtime checks the calling method for a try statement and catch blocks. The runtime continues up the calling stack, searching for a compatible catch block. After the catch block is found and executed, control is passed to the next statement after that catch block.
A try statement can contain more than one catch block. The first catch statement that can handle the exception is executed; any following catch statements, even if they are compatible, are ignored. Therefore, catch blocks should always be ordered from most specific (or most-derived) to least specific.
